1739-1816

Home or 2005 Onward: 2001-2004; 1998-2000;1991-1997;1977-1990; 1967-1976; 1953-1966; 1930-1952;1896-1929;1864-1895; 1817-1863; 1739-1816; 1671-1738; 1600-1670; 1531-1599;1295-1529; 400-1294; 2200BC-309AD; 25ka-2250BP; 4.6Billion - 36kaBP

Year Locale Event Social Effects Source

1816 Global High latitudes Agricultural failures Temperate zones:no summer warmth Prager

1816-17 Ireland Severe Famine
737,000 die
Nash

1816 Germany Severe Flooding Destruction and Displacement due to inundation widespread. Hoyt

1815 Wm Smith/England 1st geostrata maps Birth of fossil based stratum dating Trager

1815 Sumbawa Tambora Volcano Eruption description 25,000 die/Dust clouds cover planet Francis 1994; Self, Rampino, Newton and Wolff 1989; Sigurdsson, and Carey 1989; Stothers 1984

1815 Tambora, Indonesia Volcanic Eruption Year of No Summer/snow monthly NE USA/Famine - 92,000 die Trager/Nash

1814 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1813 Germany Severe Flooding Destruction and Displacement due to inundation widespread. Hoyt

1812-13 India Famine, locusts, rats, immigrants
Millions die
Nash

1812
France

Russia

Cold spring/summer

Napoleon bogged down in snows of the Russian winter.

1812-17 Vintage failures

History Changed by Climate, again!
Ladurie

1812 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1810 Cadiz/Barcelona Yellow fever 25,000 die Trager

1810-11 China First and Second Great Famines of century
Millions die
Nash

1810 Sun Last episode of Zero Sun Spots during the year
This year, 1812, 1814 and 1815 - the year Tambora erupted provided a Cold Period of nearly a decade.
Doug Hoyt - contemporary News paper accounts

1810 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1808-09 Swedish coast Bohuslan herring fails End of 62 year abundance period Lindquist

1807-1912 Middle East and Qing China Problems of internal political decline were accentuated by the menace of Western intrusion. Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands and Qing China History

1806 Ireland Potato crop reduced Ý Trager

1806-07 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1805 Galaxy World View Wm Herschel/Sun not center Universe Trager

1804-05 Gibraltor, Spain Pestillence epidemic rages for two years
25,000 die
Nash

1804 England Rust destroys wheat crop Duties imposed on foods/50% revenues Trager

1803 Haiti Yellow fever epidemic destroys all but 3000 of French punitive mission
22,000 die
Nash

1802 Santo Domingo Yellow fever cripples Napolean's army
29,000 die
Nash

1802-04 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1800 Spain Yellow fever epidemic
80,000 die
Nash

1800 Wm Murdock/England pioneered gaslights Made reading 24 hr proposition Prager

1799 Fez/Barbary, Africa Plague/
300,000 die
Nash

1798 England Smallpox epidemic rages on
80,000 die
Nash

1799 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1799 SE Alaska coast A toxic blue mussel feast Over 100 of Aleksander Baranov's crew dies within hours of paralytic shellfih toxin poisoning Baranov log

1795 England Poor wheat harvest Bread prices soar Trager

1794-97 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1793 Philadelphia Yellow fever 4,044 die/from West Indies slave ships Trager

1792 Egypt Plague/Famine
800,000 die
Nash

1790 France Famine Ý Trager

1790s Mississippi Watershed Flood Proxy Records/major decadal scale episodes "spawned by the export of extremely moist gulf air to midcontinental North America that was driven by natural same-time-scale oscillations in Gulf of Mexico ocean currents." Brown, Kennett, and Ingram

1790 Camp 100 warm Ý Ladurie

1790 Alps/Chamonix Glacial max So. region Glaciers Retreat Ladurie

1790-93 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1788 France Warm/No Winter Crops failed/burned/hail storm Ladurie

1785-86 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1785 Germany Severe Flooding Destruction and Displacement due to inundation widespread. Hoyt

1784 Japan Famine continues Cannibalism and infanticide occur Trager

1782-83 Sind Province, India Famine continues Millions die Nash

1782-84 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1780 USA Census data/punchcards Hollerith system for data encoding employed Burke

1781-1851 China Relatively wet period Tree ring records Feng et al.

1780 Hudson River Freezes over England has a Dark Day: 5/19 Prager

1780 Philadelphia, Southern USA First reported Dengue fever epidemic "the principal vector has been living happily in North America for about 300 years. At times, the disease has been rampant. " Reiter, chief entomologist

1778 France/Germany/UK warm springs/summers 1778-84 good vintages Ladurie

1778 British Navy Typhus spreads through all ships of the line 4801 die Nash

1776-78 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1775 Newfoundland Hurricane Fishing fleets caught on the sea, and destroyed, >4000 fishermen killed Nash

1774 France Famine Crop failures two years running/hunger Trager

1773 Scandanavia/Europe warm period warmest period in 1800s Ladurie

1773 Bassora, Persia Pestilence depopulates city/ surrounding area 80,000 die Nash

1772-73 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1770 Balkans/Poland/Russia Black Death/Famine 188,000 die Trager/Nash

1769-70 Bengal Great Famine 10 million Indians die Trager/Nash

1768 Europe/England Bread Riots Controls over grain commerce cause civil unrest Trager

1768-69 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1766 Italy Rust ruins wheat Costs rise/widespread hunger Trager

1765-66 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1765 France/Germany/UK cold springs/summers 1765-77 poor vintages Ladurie

1764 Italy Typhus epidemic famine followed by epidemic Trager

1761-62 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1760 Syria Severe Plague 100,000 die Nash

1760 Western Civilization After 1760, the West underwent dramatic transformations in politics, intellectual development, and industrialization. Industrialization of the West, 1760-1914 History

1760 Alps/Chamonix Glacial max So. region Glaciers Expand Ladurie

1760-1840 East Africa Severe Droughts Severe drought events of the period - broadly coeval with phases of high solar radiation Verscuren, Laird, & Cummin

1757 France warm spring/summer 1757-63 good vintages Ladurie

1754-55 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1751 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1750 World Population=750 million Europe will grow/more children survive Trager

1750 France Famine rages Ý Trager

1747 Swedish coast Bohuslan herring bloom Begin 62 year abundance period Lindquist

1747-48 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1745-52 India Extended wide-spread famine Millions die Nash

1744 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1741 Russia Pogrom to kill Jews Ý Trager

1741 France Exanthematous Typhus 30,000 die Trager

1740 Russia/France famine continues Some peasants eat grass/ferns/potatoes Trager

1740 Messina palgue-driven famine continues 40,000 die Nash

1740 -41 Connecticutt & NE America December 7, two weeks of mild and rainy weather culminated in the worst flood in fifty years in the Lower CT River Valley. The
Merrimack River swelled to its highest level, and in Maine the raging waters swept away mills, carried off bridges, and ruined
highways. 1741 The severest winter (1740-1741) on the Atlantic seaboard since 1697-98
rivers frozen until mid-April in Connecticutt with 3 feet of snow. Doug Hoyt

1740
Caribbean

and Gulf of Mexico

On August 29, an intense hurricane in Antigua, Martinique, and St. Domingo.

A hurricane struck Puerto Rico.
September 23, a hurricane struck the Mouth of the Mississippi River. It destroyed a large portion of the crops and left many colonists without shelter. The storm, along with others during the 1740's, removed all traces of the original habitation of La Balize. An island named San Carlos surfaced, and became the new site of the Balize. Doug Hoyt

1740 Scandanavia cold growing season 1740-42, Grain harvests fail Ladurie

1740 France/UK/Russia etc.
The Seine was frozen.

There is a heavy snow in Scotland.

There is famine in Russia and France.

Also Lake Constance in central Europe froze over (see also 1829 and 1963)

1739-52 poor vintages

1740 is the coldest calendar year in England since 1659.

In England, a dry year.

November 1, a hurricane struck the coast of England
Ladurie

1739 Ireland Early frost destroyed the potato crop in Ireland and famine followed. Selecting high yields/lowers resistance Trager

1739
England

Scotland

In October, Easterly wind set in heralding frosts. The beginning of another 'Big One!'. A frost of 9 weeks starts on December 24
in England.

The North American potato is introduced to Scotland greatly improving the productivity of agriculture to accommodate the rapidly growing population.

Cold spring/summers in Europe.

Choose your story

A severe frost in England for 9 weeks or 103 days (i.e., December 14 until March 27, 1740)

The frost in England ends after 103 days on April 5. During the winter of 1739-40 the frost began on Christmas Day 1739 and continued until February 17th 1740 and was known as the Great Frost. Again, when the ice thickened, the Frost Fair on the Thames (after 1564, 1684, 1608, 1632, 1677, 1684, and 1716) with roasted ox was held on the river.

Ladurie

and

Doug Hoyt

1671-1738; or Home:

Exported from 1739-1816.wkz on 21/03/97 at 10:54:19 AM

Year	Locale	Event	Social Effects	Source
1816	Global High latitudes	Agricultural failures	Temperate zones:no summer warmth	Prager
1816-17	Ireland	Severe Famine	737,000 die	Nash
1816	Germany	Severe Flooding	Destruction and Displacement due to inundation widespread.	Hoyt
1815	Wm Smith/England	1st geostrata maps	Birth of fossil based stratum dating	Trager
1815	Sumbawa	Tambora Volcano Eruption description	25,000 die/Dust clouds cover planet	Francis 1994; Self, Rampino, Newton and Wolff 1989; Sigurdsson, and Carey 1989; Stothers 1984
1815	Tambora, Indonesia	Volcanic Eruption	Year of No Summer/snow monthly NE USA/Famine - 92,000 die	Trager/Nash
1814	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1813	Germany	Severe Flooding	Destruction and Displacement due to inundation widespread.	Hoyt
1812-13	India	Famine, locusts, rats, immigrants	Millions die	Nash
1812	France Russia	Cold spring/summer Napoleon bogged down in snows of the Russian winter.	1812-17 Vintage failures History Changed by Climate, again!	Ladurie
1812	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1810	Cadiz/Barcelona	Yellow fever	25,000 die	Trager
1810-11	China	First and Second Great Famines of century	Millions die	Nash
1810	Sun	Last episode of Zero Sun Spots during the year	This year, 1812, 1814 and 1815 - the year Tambora erupted provided a Cold Period of nearly a decade.	Doug Hoyt - contemporary News paper accounts
1810	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1808-09	Swedish coast	Bohuslan herring fails	End of 62 year abundance period	Lindquist
1807-1912	Middle East and Qing China	Problems of internal political decline were accentuated by the menace of Western intrusion.	Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands and Qing China	History
1806	Ireland	Potato crop reduced	Ý	Trager
1806-07	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1805	Galaxy	World View	Wm Herschel/Sun not center Universe	Trager
1804-05	Gibraltor, Spain	Pestillence epidemic rages for two years	25,000 die	Nash
1804	England	Rust destroys wheat crop	Duties imposed on foods/50% revenues	Trager
1803	Haiti	Yellow fever epidemic destroys all but 3000 of French punitive mission	22,000 die	Nash
1802	Santo Domingo	Yellow fever cripples Napolean's army	29,000 die	Nash
1802-04	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1800	Spain	Yellow fever epidemic	80,000 die	Nash
1800	Wm Murdock/England	pioneered gaslights	Made reading 24 hr proposition	Prager
1799	Fez/Barbary, Africa	Plague/	300,000 die	Nash
1798	England	Smallpox epidemic rages on	80,000 die	Nash
1799	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1799	SE Alaska coast	A toxic blue mussel feast	Over 100 of Aleksander Baranov's crew dies within hours of paralytic shellfih toxin poisoning	Baranov log
1795	England	Poor wheat harvest	Bread prices soar	Trager
1794-97	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1793	Philadelphia	Yellow fever	4,044 die/from West Indies slave ships	Trager
1792	Egypt	Plague/Famine	800,000 die	Nash
1790	France	Famine	Ý	Trager
1790s	Mississippi Watershed	Flood Proxy Records/major decadal scale episodes	"spawned by the export of extremely moist gulf air to midcontinental North America that was driven by natural same-time-scale oscillations in Gulf of Mexico ocean currents."	Brown, Kennett, and Ingram
1790	Camp 100	warm	Ý	Ladurie
1790	Alps/Chamonix	Glacial max	So. region Glaciers Retreat	Ladurie
1790-93	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1788	France	Warm/No Winter	Crops failed/burned/hail storm	Ladurie
1785-86	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1785	Germany	Severe Flooding	Destruction and Displacement due to inundation widespread.	Hoyt
1784	Japan	Famine continues	Cannibalism and infanticide occur	Trager
1782-83	Sind Province, India	Famine continues	Millions die	Nash
1782-84	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1780	USA	Census data/punchcards	Hollerith system for data encoding employed	Burke
1781-1851	China	Relatively wet period	Tree ring records	Feng et al.
1780	Hudson River	Freezes over	England has a Dark Day: 5/19	Prager
1780	Philadelphia, Southern USA	First reported Dengue fever epidemic	"the principal vector has been living happily in North America for about 300 years. At times, the disease has been rampant. "	Reiter, chief entomologist
1778	France/Germany/UK	warm springs/summers	1778-84 good vintages	Ladurie
1778	British Navy	Typhus spreads through all ships of the line	4801 die	Nash
1776-78	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1775	Newfoundland	Hurricane	Fishing fleets caught on the sea, and destroyed, >4000 fishermen killed	Nash
1774	France	Famine	Crop failures two years running/hunger	Trager
1773	Scandanavia/Europe	warm period	warmest period in 1800s	Ladurie
1773	Bassora, Persia	Pestilence depopulates city/ surrounding area	80,000 die	Nash
1772-73	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1770	Balkans/Poland/Russia	Black Death/Famine	188,000 die	Trager/Nash
1769-70	Bengal	Great Famine	10 million Indians die	Trager/Nash
1768	Europe/England	Bread Riots	Controls over grain commerce cause civil unrest	Trager
1768-69	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1766	Italy	Rust ruins wheat	Costs rise/widespread hunger	Trager
1765-66	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1765	France/Germany/UK	cold springs/summers	1765-77 poor vintages	Ladurie
1764	Italy	Typhus epidemic	famine followed by epidemic	Trager
1761-62	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1760	Syria	Severe Plague	100,000 die	Nash
1760	Western Civilization	After 1760, the West underwent dramatic transformations in politics, intellectual development, and industrialization.	Industrialization of the West, 1760-1914	History
1760	Alps/Chamonix	Glacial max	So. region Glaciers Expand	Ladurie
1760-1840	East Africa	Severe Droughts	Severe drought events of the period - broadly coeval with phases of high solar radiation	Verscuren, Laird, & Cummin
1757	France	warm spring/summer	1757-63 good vintages	Ladurie
1754-55	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1751	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1750	World	Population=750 million	Europe will grow/more children survive	Trager
1750	France	Famine rages	Ý	Trager
1747	Swedish coast	Bohuslan herring bloom	Begin 62 year abundance period	Lindquist
1747-48	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1745-52	India	Extended wide-spread famine	Millions die	Nash
1744	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1741	Russia	Pogrom to kill Jews	Ý	Trager
1741	France	Exanthematous Typhus	30,000 die	Trager
1740	Russia/France	famine continues	Some peasants eat grass/ferns/potatoes	Trager
1740	Messina	palgue-driven famine continues	40,000 die	Nash
1740 -41	Connecticutt & NE America	December 7, two weeks of mild and rainy weather culminated in the worst flood in fifty years in the Lower CT River Valley. The Merrimack River swelled to its highest level, and in Maine the raging waters swept away mills, carried off bridges, and ruined highways.	1741 The severest winter (1740-1741) on the Atlantic seaboard since 1697-98 rivers frozen until mid-April in Connecticutt with 3 feet of snow.	Doug Hoyt
1740	Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico	On August 29, an intense hurricane in Antigua, Martinique, and St. Domingo. A hurricane struck Puerto Rico.	September 23, a hurricane struck the Mouth of the Mississippi River. It destroyed a large portion of the crops and left many colonists without shelter. The storm, along with others during the 1740's, removed all traces of the original habitation of La Balize. An island named San Carlos surfaced, and became the new site of the Balize.	Doug Hoyt
1740	Scandanavia	cold growing season	1740-42, Grain harvests fail	Ladurie
1740	France/UK/Russia etc.	The Seine was frozen. There is a heavy snow in Scotland. There is famine in Russia and France. Also Lake Constance in central Europe froze over (see also 1829 and 1963)	1739-52 poor vintages 1740 is the coldest calendar year in England since 1659. In England, a dry year. November 1, a hurricane struck the coast of England	Ladurie
1739	Ireland	Early frost destroyed the potato crop in Ireland and famine followed.	Selecting high yields/lowers resistance	Trager
1739	England Scotland	In October, Easterly wind set in heralding frosts. The beginning of another 'Big One!'. A frost of 9 weeks starts on December 24 in England. The North American potato is introduced to Scotland greatly improving the productivity of agriculture to accommodate the rapidly growing population. Cold spring/summers in Europe.	Choose your story A severe frost in England for 9 weeks or 103 days (i.e., December 14 until March 27, 1740) The frost in England ends after 103 days on April 5. During the winter of 1739-40 the frost began on Christmas Day 1739 and continued until February 17th 1740 and was known as the Great Frost. Again, when the ice thickened, the Frost Fair on the Thames (after 1564, 1684, 1608, 1632, 1677, 1684, and 1716) with roasted ox was held on the river.	Ladurie and Doug Hoyt