1864-1895

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Year Locale Event Social Effects Source

1895 North Florida Citrus crops freeze Trees killed/industry to south OK Trager

1895 USA Wheat crops down World wheat prices respond Trager

1894-95 Korea 1st Sino-Japanese War Pits China against Japan over control of Korea Japan's more modern army defeats China - making Korea an independent state History

1892 Russia Famine US wheat flour shipped to stem deaths Trager

1892-94 China Famine due to lack of rainfall
>1 Million die
Nash

1892 Eastern Tropical Pacific/USA ENSO cool event Upper ocean low heat content SOI

1891 USA Economic depression begins Tight money/farmers move off land/east Trager

1891 Russia Crops fail/Famine Rural peasants raid towns for food Trager

1890 Indonesia warming 1C warmer 1890-1940 Ladurie

1890 Colaba, India warming 1C warmer 1890-1940 Ladurie

1890 No. America warming 1C warmer 1890-1940 Ladurie

1890 No. Africa warming 0.5-1C warmer 1890-1940 Ladurie

1890-1900 China warming trend begins Wetter, less freezing/dust/more river floods Feng et al.

1889-90 World-wide Influenza epidemic
Many Million die , 40% of populus affected
Nash

1889 Ceylon Coffee industry finished Rust from 1869-on destroys plants Trager

1889 Maine Lobster catch peaks 24 million pounds Trager

1889 Eastern USA Hudson shad fishery peaks Fishery begins a long-term decline Trager

1889 Eastern Tropical Pacific USA ENSO cool event Remarkably mild winter Ice shortages stimulate development of lce plants across Nation SOI/Trager #2

1888 Southwest USA Cattle industry fails 1884 Foreign investments divested Trager

1888 Northeastern US Mild winter/March Blizzard Atlantic storm/people&horses freeze in streets Trager

1888 Global ENSO Warm Event of 1877-78 and associated droughts likely to have beenamong the worst. Affected northern China, India, southern Africa, northeastern Brazil, Australia and the islands of the Pacific. Nine to 13 million estimated deaths in northern China and over 8 million in India. The excessive deaths could have been accentuated by the colonial masters of the time insisting on sending scarce food abroad to Europe. The failure of the Indian monsoon is suggested to have been the reason that Henry Banford (First Imperial Meteorological Reporter of the Government of India) was prompted to seek additional meteorological observations, including Australia. About half a million people also died in India during 1888 from drought and famine and it is estimated that maybe a third of Ethiopia's population died during the same year from drought and famine.

It was during the 1888 drought that Charles Todd, South Australian Director of Posts and Telegraph - with responsibilities for meteorology - commented how droughts over India and Australia tended to be coincident.
Wm Kininmonth

Also see the El Niño References at FSU/COAPS

1888 Pacific wide ENSO warm event Substantial records of climate anomalies SOI
see also Brian Fagan's "Floods, Famines, and Emperors" : "El Nino and the Fate of Civilizations"

1887 China Yellow River floods Crops fail/Famine kills 900,000 Trager

1887 USA Wheat crops peak Prices fall/Britain/others pay less Trager

1887 USA Great Plains Blizzards continue Cattle/farmers freeze; frictions begin Trager

1887-89 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1886 Canadian Prairie Wheat farming proved Angus MacKay plants Red Fife/success Trager

1886 US Great Plains Severe winter/Blizzards 60% cattle freeze/overgrazing devastates land Trager

1886 US Great Plains Intermit. drought begins Ends wet period Trager

1886 Eastern Tropical Pacific ENSO cool event Upper ocean low heat content SOI

1884-85 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1884 Kansas One of the worst floods in Kansas history >100 died Nash

1883 USA/Northern Plains Drought Diversified agriculture urged Trager

1883 Sunda Strait Krakatau erupts >36,000 die/atmospheric dust extreme Trager

1882 Southern Japan Crop Failures/famine Recruiters entice 100,000 peasants over next 30 years to Hawaii sugar fields Trager

1881-82 So.West USA Severe Drought Cattle raising remains profitable Trager

1881 Andalusia onset winter cooling 1881-1910 vs other regions Ladurie

1881 Wisconsin East central Lower Peninsula (Thumb area) of Michigan forest fire 169 fatalities and approximately 1 million acres burned U.WisconsinWebsite

1880-81 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño European crops fail, Indian crops consumed by rats Quinn

1871-1879 GLOUCESTER 82 Cod Schooners/ Crews lost in Gales From 1830-1900 ~3,800 fishermen died from this one port, >2X total US casualties in War of 1812 Kurlansky

1879 China/India Drought/Famine continues India's rat population eats harvest Trager

1879 Britain/Europe Crops fail Wheat imported from USA to stem hunger Trager

1878 US Great Plains Extraordinary rainfalls Enhanced wheat production Trager

1878 Swedish coast Bohuslan herring bloom Begin 19 year abundance period Lindquist

1878 North Atlantic Cod Fisheries Collapse Periodic Collapse/Social Disaster

1878 Pacific wide ENSO warm event Substantial records of climate anomalies SOI

1877 So./central India Very Dry monsoon Strong negative rainfall anomalies/-SOI Kalidas/Sinha

1877-78 China Drought-Famine, continues Manchu hid extent of problem, slavery, cannibalism, diseases claim 9.5-13 million Nash

1876-77 India Famine continues 6 Million die Trager/Nash

1876-78 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Greatest recorded famine kills 10s of million Chinese Quinn/Trager #2

1876 China/No. India Drought/Famine 5 million die Trager

1875 Korea China's Qing Dynasty allows Japan to recognize Korea as an independent state Public split as to whether to remain with China or become closer to Japan History

1873 Bengal Famine Rice crops fail (drought?) Trager

1873-74 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1872 Plymouth, U.K. HMS Challenger Expedition Age of Exploration of Seas Begins

1872 Zanzibar Hurricane 150 vessels destroyed, and ~200 natives died Nash

1871 Michigan/Wisconsin Great Forest Fire of Chicago fire ignites>1 million acres forest
8 Oct 1871 The Great Chicago Fire - 250 fatalities; 17,450 structures burned;

Then ignited- Peshtigo (WI) fire - 1,182 fatalities >1.2 million acres of timberland destroyed;

Then Grows to include lower Michigan - 200 fatalities and 2.5 million acres burned.
U.WisconsinWebsite

1871 Arctic Early Winter Whaling Fleet lost/crews saved Trager

1871 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1870-1885 China warm, wet period Ý Feng et al.

1869 USA 1st daily weather bulletins Abbe Cleveland/1st Weather Bureau meteorol. Trager

1869-1883 Brooklyn, NY Crossing the East River between New York and Brooklyn during the severe winter of 1866-7 - ice and frustration caused the people to decide that they need dependable access for travellers The Brooklyn Bridge... The summer of 1883 is memorable for the opening of the great bridge, uniting New York and Brooklyn into a metropolis of nearly two million people - a population that soon outgrew Paris, and then London . The bridge is practically a new street, belonging jointly to the two cities, a great thoroughfare fourteen miles long, continuously built up, from the Harlem River to East New York. A staggering tale of NewTechnology, Will, and Lost Lives. Harper's Monthly, 1883

1869 Germany Ecology "coined" Ernst Heinrich Haeckel/environmental balance Trager

1867 Arizona Territory Prehistoric canals cleared Irrigation system revitalized, Phoenix rises Trager

1867-69 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Ý Quinn

1867 Val d'Aosta Glacier retreat Spring Floods/glaciers Ladurie

1866 Prussia-Austria/America Great Cholera epidemic 230,000/50,000 die, respectively Trager

1866 India Famine due to lack of rainfall
>1.5 million die
Nash

1865 Austria Mendel's Law evolved Gregor Mendel/modern genetic theory

1865-66 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño Quinn

1864 Pennsylvania Oil is discovered Oil fuel era begins in earnest Prager

1864 ENSO Warm Event Records/Proxies of El Niño First salmon canneries open on Columbia River/ San Francisco Quinn/Trager #2

1817-1863: or Home:

Exported from 1864-1895.wkz on 21/03/97 at 10:34:47 AM

Year	Locale	Event	Social Effects	Source
1895	North Florida	Citrus crops freeze	Trees killed/industry to south OK	Trager
1895	USA	Wheat crops down	World wheat prices respond	Trager
1894-95	Korea	1st Sino-Japanese War Pits China against Japan over control of Korea	Japan's more modern army defeats China - making Korea an independent state	History
1892	Russia	Famine	US wheat flour shipped to stem deaths	Trager
1892-94	China	Famine due to lack of rainfall	>1 Million die	Nash
1892	Eastern Tropical Pacific/USA	ENSO cool event	Upper ocean low heat content	SOI
1891	USA	Economic depression begins	Tight money/farmers move off land/east	Trager
1891	Russia	Crops fail/Famine	Rural peasants raid towns for food	Trager
1890	Indonesia	warming	1C warmer 1890-1940	Ladurie
1890	Colaba, India	warming	1C warmer 1890-1940	Ladurie
1890	No. America	warming	1C warmer 1890-1940	Ladurie
1890	No. Africa	warming	0.5-1C warmer 1890-1940	Ladurie
1890-1900	China	warming trend begins	Wetter, less freezing/dust/more river floods	Feng et al.
1889-90	World-wide	Influenza epidemic	Many Million die , 40% of populus affected	Nash
1889	Ceylon	Coffee industry finished	Rust from 1869-on destroys plants	Trager
1889	Maine	Lobster catch peaks	24 million pounds	Trager
1889	Eastern USA	Hudson shad fishery peaks	Fishery begins a long-term decline	Trager
1889	Eastern Tropical Pacific USA	ENSO cool event Remarkably mild winter	Ice shortages stimulate development of lce plants across Nation	SOI/Trager #2
1888	Southwest USA	Cattle industry fails	1884 Foreign investments divested	Trager
1888	Northeastern US	Mild winter/March Blizzard	Atlantic storm/people&horses freeze in streets	Trager
1888	Global	ENSO Warm Event of 1877-78 and associated droughts likely to have beenamong the worst. Affected northern China, India, southern Africa, northeastern Brazil, Australia and the islands of the Pacific. Nine to 13 million estimated deaths in northern China and over 8 million in India. The excessive deaths could have been accentuated by the colonial masters of the time insisting on sending scarce food abroad to Europe.	The failure of the Indian monsoon is suggested to have been the reason that Henry Banford (First Imperial Meteorological Reporter of the Government of India) was prompted to seek additional meteorological observations, including Australia. About half a million people also died in India during 1888 from drought and famine and it is estimated that maybe a third of Ethiopia's population died during the same year from drought and famine. It was during the 1888 drought that Charles Todd, South Australian Director of Posts and Telegraph - with responsibilities for meteorology - commented how droughts over India and Australia tended to be coincident.	Wm Kininmonth Also see the El Niño References at FSU/COAPS
1888	Pacific wide	ENSO warm event	Substantial records of climate anomalies	SOI see also Brian Fagan's "Floods, Famines, and Emperors" : "El Nino and the Fate of Civilizations"
1887	China	Yellow River floods	Crops fail/Famine kills 900,000	Trager
1887	USA	Wheat crops peak	Prices fall/Britain/others pay less	Trager
1887	USA Great Plains	Blizzards continue	Cattle/farmers freeze; frictions begin	Trager
1887-89	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1886	Canadian Prairie	Wheat farming proved	Angus MacKay plants Red Fife/success	Trager
1886	US Great Plains	Severe winter/Blizzards	60% cattle freeze/overgrazing devastates land	Trager
1886	US Great Plains	Intermit. drought begins	Ends wet period	Trager
1886	Eastern Tropical Pacific	ENSO cool event	Upper ocean low heat content	SOI
1884-85	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1884	Kansas	One of the worst floods in Kansas history	>100 died	Nash
1883	USA/Northern Plains	Drought	Diversified agriculture urged	Trager
1883	Sunda Strait	Krakatau erupts	>36,000 die/atmospheric dust extreme	Trager
1882	Southern Japan	Crop Failures/famine	Recruiters entice 100,000 peasants over next 30 years to Hawaii sugar fields	Trager
1881-82	So.West USA	Severe Drought	Cattle raising remains profitable	Trager
1881	Andalusia	onset winter cooling	1881-1910 vs other regions	Ladurie
1881	Wisconsin	East central Lower Peninsula (Thumb area) of Michigan forest fire	169 fatalities and approximately 1 million acres burned	U.WisconsinWebsite
1880-81	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	European crops fail, Indian crops consumed by rats	Quinn
1871-1879	GLOUCESTER	82 Cod Schooners/ Crews lost in Gales	From 1830-1900 ~3,800 fishermen died from this one port, >2X total US casualties in War of 1812	Kurlansky
1879	China/India	Drought/Famine continues	India's rat population eats harvest	Trager
1879	Britain/Europe	Crops fail	Wheat imported from USA to stem hunger	Trager
1878	US Great Plains	Extraordinary rainfalls	Enhanced wheat production	Trager
1878	Swedish coast	Bohuslan herring bloom	Begin 19 year abundance period	Lindquist
1878	North Atlantic	Cod Fisheries Collapse	Periodic Collapse/Social Disaster
1878	Pacific wide	ENSO warm event	Substantial records of climate anomalies	SOI
1877	So./central India	Very Dry monsoon	Strong negative rainfall anomalies/-SOI	Kalidas/Sinha
1877-78	China	Drought-Famine, continues	Manchu hid extent of problem, slavery, cannibalism, diseases claim 9.5-13 million	Nash
1876-77	India	Famine continues	6 Million die	Trager/Nash
1876-78	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Greatest recorded famine kills 10s of million Chinese	Quinn/Trager #2
1876	China/No. India	Drought/Famine	5 million die	Trager
1875	Korea	China's Qing Dynasty allows Japan to recognize Korea as an independent state	Public split as to whether to remain with China or become closer to Japan	History
1873	Bengal	Famine	Rice crops fail (drought?)	Trager
1873-74	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1872	Plymouth, U.K.	HMS Challenger Expedition	Age of Exploration of Seas Begins
1872	Zanzibar	Hurricane	150 vessels destroyed, and ~200 natives died	Nash
1871	Michigan/Wisconsin	Great Forest Fire of Chicago fire ignites>1 million acres forest	8 Oct 1871 The Great Chicago Fire - 250 fatalities; 17,450 structures burned; Then ignited- Peshtigo (WI) fire - 1,182 fatalities >1.2 million acres of timberland destroyed; Then Grows to include lower Michigan - 200 fatalities and 2.5 million acres burned.	U.WisconsinWebsite
1871	Arctic	Early Winter	Whaling Fleet lost/crews saved	Trager
1871	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1870-1885	China	warm, wet period	Ý	Feng et al.
1869	USA	1st daily weather bulletins	Abbe Cleveland/1st Weather Bureau meteorol.	Trager
1869-1883	Brooklyn, NY	Crossing the East River between New York and Brooklyn during the severe winter of 1866-7 - ice and frustration caused the people to decide that they need dependable access for travellers The Brooklyn Bridge...	The summer of 1883 is memorable for the opening of the great bridge, uniting New York and Brooklyn into a metropolis of nearly two million people - a population that soon outgrew Paris, and then London . The bridge is practically a new street, belonging jointly to the two cities, a great thoroughfare fourteen miles long, continuously built up, from the Harlem River to East New York. A staggering tale of NewTechnology, Will, and Lost Lives.	Harper's Monthly, 1883
1869	Germany	Ecology "coined"	Ernst Heinrich Haeckel/environmental balance	Trager
1867	Arizona Territory	Prehistoric canals cleared	Irrigation system revitalized, Phoenix rises	Trager
1867-69	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	Ý	Quinn
1867	Val d'Aosta	Glacier retreat	Spring Floods/glaciers	Ladurie
1866	Prussia-Austria/America	Great Cholera epidemic	230,000/50,000 die, respectively	Trager
1866	India	Famine due to lack of rainfall	>1.5 million die	Nash
1865	Austria	Mendel's Law evolved	Gregor Mendel/modern genetic theory
1865-66	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño		Quinn
1864	Pennsylvania	Oil is discovered	Oil fuel era begins in earnest	Prager
1864	ENSO Warm Event	Records/Proxies of El Niño	First salmon canneries open on Columbia River/ San Francisco	Quinn/Trager #2