| Year |
Locale |
Event |
Social Effects |
Source |
| 1997 |
Eastern
Africa Coasts |
Highland
Floods Continued
Coastal Rainfalls |
Somalia,
Tanzania, and Moçambique highlands are flooded, crops
ruined, and peoples displaced, thousands die |
Indian Ocean ENSO Warm
Event
|
| 1997 |
Indonesia |
Drought/Fires
caused by slash and burn Agriculturists |
Dense
smoke covers entire region affecting visibility, human health,
thousands ill |
East Indian Ocean ENSO
Warm Event
|
| 1997 |
Western
No.&So. America Coasts |
Ocean
Warming anomalies reach 3-4C |
Fisheries
perturbed as tropical- subtropicals are shifted poleward |
PMEL/NWS
|
| March
1997 |
Western
and Equatorial Pacific SOI dropping |
Kelvin
Wave released (6 mo. early) extreme warming begins off So. America |
Fisheries
perturbed as tropical- subtropicals are shifted /Chilean sardine catch @.75M tonnes in one week/
Drought in Australia/Indonesia/ SE Asian monsoon delayed |
News
|
| 1997 |
India/China |
Monsoon
Floods extreme |
Thousands
perish in record floods |
News
|
| 1997 |
Iran |
Two
major quakes R=5.5 |
First tears apart rural
areas of north-western Iran, killing 1,000 people. Three months
later a stronger tremor, measuring 7.1, kills 1,560 in eastern
Iran.
|
News
|
| 1997 |
Eastern
Africa/Egypt |
Raging
Sand Storm |
Disrupts
Agriculture/Power/Water Supplies |
News
|
| 1997 |
Western
Pacific |
Early
Kelvin Waves |
Dry
January-April California/ Floods Mid- Western USA |
Bad
News Francisco Bay's
Columnist Herb Caen dies
|
| 1997 |
Western
Europe |
Harsh
Winter |
Flooding/Freezes/crops
destroyed |
News
|
| 1996-97 |
Western
USA/East |
Floods/freezes
and heavy snow |
Displacements/crops damaged/
California flood controls questioned
|
News
|
| Late
1996-early 1997 |
Global
Ocean |
ENSO
Cool Event ends+ QBO +African Rainfall |
Forecast
Hurricanes Islands/Atlantic coasts |
Wm
Gray |
| October1996 |
California
offshore |
Warming
begins off No. America |
Fisheries
perturbed: rockfish submerge/ tropical- subtropicals shift northward |
News
|
| 1995 |
Europe |
Early
Cold winter |
Olive
crop freezes/floods |
News
|
| Mid
1995 |
Global
Ocean |
ENSO
Cool Event begins |
Typhoons/Hurricanes
Plague Islands/coasts |
Wm
Gray |
| 1995 |
China |
Monsoon
Floods extreme |
Thousands
perish in record floods |
News
|
| 1995 |
MidWest-Eastern
USA |
Record
Breaking Heat |
Over
500 persons die of heat related stress |
News
|
| 1995-97 |
Korea |
Droughts/Floods
extreme - withdrawal of food subsiidies from China/USSR |
2-3
million perish |
News
|
| 1995 |
Zaire |
Ebola
virus outbreak |
Epidemic
feared/Quarantines/>100 die |
WHO |
| 1995 |
Southern
Australia |
Coastal
Upwelling/Algal blooms |
Pelagic
fish dieoffs/anoxia/alga densities |
News
|
| 1995 |
Kattegat/Skagerak |
Mild
Winter/Virus |
Pinneped
die-off |
News
|
| 1995 |
South
Africa |
Kruger
Game Park/Rodent bloom |
Elephant
die off/virus due to rodent outbreak |
News
|
| 1995 |
Sakhalin, Russia
Kobe Japan
|
R=7.5
The Hyogo quake
|
Massive earthquake - 1,989 die.
6,430 people die.
|
News |
| 1995 |
Eastern
USA |
Late
onset of winter cold |
Warm/wet
October-1st snow storm February |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1995 |
Western
Europe |
Heaviest
rainfall in 150 yrs |
Flooding
and associated social displacements |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1995 |
California |
Floods |
Cont'd
central Pacific warm event=heavy rainfall |
G.D.
Sharp |
| Early
1995 |
Pacific
Basin |
ENSO
Warm event |
Kelvin
wave/Peru January '95 |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1994 |
Georges
Bank/NE USA |
Commercial
Fishing Stopped |
Resources
overexploited/improper Management |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1994 |
Global/Solar
link |
Solar
wind linked to climate |
Solar
wind modulates magnetic field/climate |
Tinsley |
| 1994-95 |
Japan |
Numerous
earthquakes |
Culminates
in Kobe 7.5 Richter event |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1994 |
Eastern
USA |
Severe
winter |
December-February
freezes/storms |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1994 |
India |
Bubonic
Plague epidemic |
Extreme
heat/Rodent blooms/human density |
Epstein |
| 1994 |
Zaire |
1st
Victim Ebola outbreak |
Forest/charcoal
worker/family infected |
WHO |
| 1994 |
Central
Pacific |
ENSO
warm event recurs |
Westerlies
die11/15/94 releasing Kelvin wave |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1994 |
Ecuador
coast |
Strong
Local Upwelling |
Coldest
coastal SST for decades |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1994 |
Baltic |
Algal
overgrowth |
Warm
temperature 73F stimulates blooms |
Epstein |
| 1994 |
California |
Deer/puma
populations expand |
Wildlife
encroaches on human environments |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1994 |
India |
Heat Wave
/Dengue/Black Plague |
Severe
outbreak follows rat outburst |
Epstein |
| 1994 |
Mississippi
valley |
Flooding |
Extended
rainfall/floods/human displacement |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1994 |
Pacific-wide |
4
yr ENSO warm event cotinues |
Australia
Drought continues/wild fires |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1993-94 |
Zimbabwe |
Widespread
Rodent infestations |
Rainfalls
follow drought period |
Chikwenhere |
| 1993 |
Central
California coast |
Algal
blooms/Domoic acid |
Sea
bird and mammal kills |
Epstein |
| 1993 |
So.West
USA |
Extended
rainfalls/Hanta virus |
Rodent
vector invasions affect various locations |
Epstein |
| 1993 |
Western
Europe |
heavy
rainfall |
Flooding
and associated social displacements |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1993 |
West
and Southern India |
 |
>10,000
people die. |
News |
| 1993 |
Rio
de Janeiro |
UNCED
Accords |
Global
Enviroment/Development/Sustainability |
|
| 1993 |
Pacific-wide |
Cont.
4 yr ENSO warm event |
Australia
drought continues |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1992 |
Bengal |
Cholera
outbreak |
8th
Pandemic |
Epstein |
| 1992 |
So.
California
Zimbabwe |
Field
rodents bloom |
Droughts
punctuated by rainfall/seed plants |
Epstein |
| 1992 |
Global |
SOI/LgthDay/Seismic
relation |
Atmos/angular
moment/LOD/seismic events |
Chinnery |
| 1992 |
Global
Fisheries |
UN
FAO Report on Status |
Fisheries
uneconomic/declining/mismanaged |
FAO
Fisheries |
| 1992 |
Western
Europe |
heavy
rainfall |
Flooding
and associated social displacements |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1992-1994 |
So.
California |
Cooccidiomycosis
outbreak |
Palmdale/Northridge
Earthquake aerosols |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1992 |
Central
California |
Warm
coastal species colonize |
Mackerel/baracuda/mammals
appear |
G.D.
Sharp |
| c1992 |
Global |
Seismic
events escalate |
Shown
to relate to ENSO minima |
NOAA/NGDC |
| 1992 |
Pacific-wide |
Cont.
4 yr ENSO warm event |
Australia
Drought |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1991-92 |
Costa
Rica |
Malarial
outbreak |
Mosquito
born /ENSO rainfalls |
Epstein |
| 1991-92 |
California/Chile |
Rainfall = Desierto
Florida |
Rains/arid
areas have rare wildflower blooms |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1991 |
Philippines |
Mt.
Pinotubo erupts |
Thousands
homeless, mudlsides/ash/aerosols |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1991 |
Japan |
Mt.
Unzen erupts |
Devastation
widespread |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1991 |
Florida |
Hurricane
"Andrew" |
Devastates
Miami area/thousands homeless |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1991 |
North
Carolina |
Pfeisteria
piscida toxic blooms |
Active/Delaware/Florida/Gulf
of Mexico |
Epstein |
| 1991 |
So./Central
America |
Cholera
outbreak |
7th
pandemic |
Epstein |
| 1991 |
So.
California |
Bluefin
return to region |
Sport
fishery rekindled |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1991 |
Pacific-wide |
Begin
4 yr ENSO warm event |
Many
warm ocean species appear |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1991 |
Soviet
Union |
Collapse
of USSR |
Economic
collapse forced by Cold War |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1991 |
Chile/Peru |
Coastal
species reappear |
Giant
squid, sierra and sprat recolonize coast |
G.D.
Sharp |
| 1991 |
Peru |
Cholera
epidemic |
Many
deaths/quarantines limit expansion |
Trager |
| 1991-1994 |
Costa
Rica, Pakistan |
Malaria
explosion |
Droughts/Extreme
wet periods/ENSO warm events |
Epstein |