4.6Billion-36ka BP

35Thousand - 4.6BillionBP

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Year Locale Event Social Effects Source

35000 BP Eastern Russia and North America Homo sapiens thrived, leaving behind bones of now extinct species such as mammoths migrations during prior Ice Age
Recent Articles

Archaeology

36000 BP North America Homo sapiens arrived 1st migrations during prior Ice Age Trager

42000 BP Australia Aboriginal culture World's1st seafarers colonize Trager

46000BP Global Previous Ice Age/ 1st waves humans New World/ New Guinea/ Australia Lots of mammals and large flightless birds evolve/extinct, etc. Trager

30-50,000 BP Africa/Asia/Europe H. sapiens emerges H.sapiens/Neanderthal merge into one form Trager

39-55,000BP
Northeastern America -

The Paleoindian occupation of North America, theoretically the point of entry of the first people to the Americas, is traditionally assumed to have occurred within a short time span beginning at about 12,000 yr B.P.

This is inconsistent with much older South American dates of around 32,000 yr B.P.(1) and the similarity of the Paleoindian toolkit to Mousterian traditions that disappeared about 30,000 years ago(2).

Paleoindian artifacts from Gainey, Leavitt, and Butler, and two later-period artifacts from the same geographic area of Michigan were analyzed for 235U. They were compared with identical chert types representative of the source materials for the artifacts. Control samples were extracted from the inner core of the purest chert known to be utilized by prehistoric people. The Paleoindian artifacts contained about 78 percent as much 235U as the controls and later-period artifacts, suggesting substantial depletion.

Depletion of 235U necessarily indicates that thermal neutrons impacted these artifacts and the surrounding prehistoric landscape, providing Terrestrial Evidence of a Nuclear Catastrophe in Paleoindian Times

This is consistent with cosmic rays focused towards northern latitudes by Earth's magnetic field. Only a very large thermal neutron flux, greater than 1020 n/cm2, could have depleted 235U at all locations.
The 39,000 yr B.P. date proposed for the Gainey site is consistent with the prevailing opinion among many archaeologists about when the Americas were populated. It is also commensurate with dates for South American sites and with a Mousterian toolkit tradition that many see as the Paleoindian precursor. The proposed date for the Gainey site also falls closer in line with the radiocarbon date for a Lewisville, Texas, Paleoindian site of 26,610 ± 300 yr B.P and radiocarbon dates as early as c. 20,000 yr B.P. for Meadowcroft Rockshelter. Since the Lewisville and Meadowcroft sites were likely
exposed at the same time to thermal neutrons, we estimate that their dates should be reset to c. 55,000 yr B.P. and c.45,000 yr B.P., respectively.
Richard B. Firestone & William Topping - March, 2001 article on errors in carbon dating caused quite a reaction

1.Gruhn, R., in Clovis: Origins and Adaptations, R. Bonnichsen, K. L. Turnmire, eds. (Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 1991), pp 283-286. &

2. Muller-Beck, H., Science 152, 1191 (1985)

200,00 BP Africa/Asia/Europe H. sapiens sapiens appear Larger forebrain, abstractions/speech Trager

300,000 BP Africa/Asia/Europe H. erectus extinct Neanderthals hunt, use fire, bury dead Trager

500,000 BP France Neanderthalers thrive Heavy H. sapiens variety, begin line Trager

1,000,000 BP So. Africa Australopithicus gone H. erectus outcompetes H. habilis Trager

1,600,000 BP Africa/Asia/Pacific Isl. Homo erectus Hunting parties, range extentions Trager

2 million BP Central Africa Homo habilis appears Thin skull, stone shapers, hunters Trager

3-2 million BP Regional habitats respond Monsoons/Seasonal patterns C4 Grasses replace C3 plants/more grasslands
ASU gp

3-2 million BP Global Modern weather patterns emerge Local/regional seasonal patterns stabilize

3 million BP Central America Ithsmus Panama closed Ocean circulation patterns change

3-4 million BP Orogenesis/high mtns Tibetan Plateau Andes/Sierras emerge Restructure atmosphere/climate zones/Monsoons/C4 Plants/Savannas

5 million BP East/So. Africa Homonids evolve Bipedal, sigmoid spine, vegi-scavengers Trager

17 million BP Africa Ponginae(Great Apes) Large size - Chimps and Gorillas Trager

30 Million BP Africa Homonoidaea evolves Tail-less, Trager

East-central Asia Tibetan Plateau emerges Monsoons/C4 Plants/Savannas Habitat generalizes

40 million BP Africa/Asia Anthrapoids evolve Handy, nails, monkeys Trager

65 million BP Global Cataclysm (?) Reptiles, many aquatic spp. extinct

70 million BP Land Primates evolve Small, hiders, big brains

100 million BP Land Placental mammals Advanced gestation, parental care

220 million BP Land Mammalia evolves Fur, eggs, or incomplete gestation

300 million BP Land Reptilia evolve self-sustaining eggs, scaly hides

370 million BP Land Amphibia invade Land Bi-symmetric mobility dominates

450 million BP Land Plants flourish Ecological resources for terrestrial colonization

550 million BP Global Ocean Chordates evolve Oxygen excess environment dominates

600 million BP Global Ocean Multicellular Life Aggregates=colonies

800 million BP Global Ocean Proto-Life begins Amid Redox solutions

0.5-1 billion BP Earth 2nd IceHouse Multicelled fossils appear

ca 2 billion BP Earth AtmosphericOxygen buildup begins Multi-celled invertebrates evolve

2.2 billion BP Earth Iron precipitation, from oxidation

2.5-3 billion BP Earth 1st Ice House-major surface cooling Blue-green algae/Oxygen production

3.0-.8 billion BP Earth Oldest Prokaryote bacteria

4 billion BP Earth Oldest Crustal Rocks Stable substrate formation

4.4 billion BP Earth Ocean Forms Water based planet

4.5-4.6 billion BP Solar System Earth Forms
Now that you find yourself at the Beginning end of my Chronology,

Go To These Two Sites for More Details =

A & B...
Have Fun, and LEARN!

Exported from 4.6Billion-36ka BP.wkz on 21/03/97 at 11:43:06 AM

Year	Locale	Event	Social Effects	Source
35000 BP	Eastern Russia and North America	Homo sapiens thrived, leaving behind bones of now extinct species such as mammoths	migrations during prior Ice Age	Recent Articles Archaeology
36000 BP	North America	Homo sapiens arrived	1st migrations during prior Ice Age	Trager
42000 BP	Australia	Aboriginal culture	World's1st seafarers colonize	Trager
46000BP	Global	Previous Ice Age/ 1st waves humans New World/ New Guinea/ Australia	Lots of mammals and large flightless birds evolve/extinct, etc.	Trager
30-50,000 BP	Africa/Asia/Europe	H. sapiens emerges	H.sapiens/Neanderthal merge into one form	Trager
*39-55,000BP*	Northeastern America - The Paleoindian occupation of North America, theoretically the point of entry of the first people to the Americas, is traditionally assumed to have occurred within a short time span beginning at about 12,000 yr B.P. This is inconsistent with much older South American dates of around 32,000 yr B.P.(1) and the similarity of the Paleoindian toolkit to Mousterian traditions that disappeared about 30,000 years ago(2). Paleoindian artifacts from Gainey, Leavitt, and Butler, and two later-period artifacts from the same geographic area of Michigan were analyzed for 235U. They were compared with identical chert types representative of the source materials for the artifacts. Control samples were extracted from the inner core of the purest chert known to be utilized by prehistoric people. The Paleoindian artifacts contained about 78 percent as much 235U as the controls and later-period artifacts, suggesting substantial depletion.	Depletion of 235U necessarily indicates that thermal neutrons impacted these artifacts and the surrounding prehistoric landscape, providing Terrestrial Evidence of a Nuclear Catastrophe in Paleoindian Times This is consistent with cosmic rays focused towards northern latitudes by Earth's magnetic field. Only a very large thermal neutron flux, greater than 1020 n/cm2, could have depleted 235U at all locations.	The 39,000 yr B.P. date proposed for the Gainey site is consistent with the prevailing opinion among many archaeologists about when the Americas were populated. It is also commensurate with dates for South American sites and with a Mousterian toolkit tradition that many see as the Paleoindian precursor. The proposed date for the Gainey site also falls closer in line with the radiocarbon date for a Lewisville, Texas, Paleoindian site of 26,610 ± 300 yr B.P and radiocarbon dates as early as c. 20,000 yr B.P. for Meadowcroft Rockshelter. Since the Lewisville and Meadowcroft sites were likely exposed at the same time to thermal neutrons, we estimate that their dates should be reset to c. 55,000 yr B.P. and c.45,000 yr B.P., respectively.	Richard B. Firestone & William Topping - March, 2001 article on errors in carbon dating caused quite a reaction 1.Gruhn, R., in Clovis: Origins and Adaptations, R. Bonnichsen, K. L. Turnmire, eds. (Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 1991), pp 283-286. & 2. Muller-Beck, H., Science 152, 1191 (1985)
200,00 BP	Africa/Asia/Europe	H. sapiens sapiens appear	Larger forebrain, abstractions/speech	Trager
300,000 BP	Africa/Asia/Europe	H. erectus extinct	Neanderthals hunt, use fire, bury dead	Trager
500,000 BP	France	Neanderthalers thrive	Heavy H. sapiens variety, begin line	Trager
1,000,000 BP	So. Africa	Australopithicus gone	H. erectus outcompetes H. habilis	Trager
1,600,000 BP	Africa/Asia/Pacific Isl.	Homo erectus	Hunting parties, range extentions	Trager
2 million BP	Central Africa	Homo habilis appears	Thin skull, stone shapers, hunters	Trager
3-2 million BP	Regional habitats respond	Monsoons/Seasonal patterns	C4 Grasses replace C3 plants/more grasslands	ASU gp
3-2 million BP	Global	Modern weather patterns emerge	Local/regional seasonal patterns stabilize
3 million BP	Central America	Ithsmus Panama closed	Ocean circulation patterns change
3-4 million BP	Orogenesis/high mtns	Tibetan Plateau Andes/Sierras emerge	Restructure atmosphere/climate zones/Monsoons/C4 Plants/Savannas
5 million BP	East/So. Africa	Homonids evolve	Bipedal, sigmoid spine, vegi-scavengers	Trager
17 million BP	Africa	Ponginae(Great Apes)	Large size - Chimps and Gorillas	Trager
30 Million BP	Africa	Homonoidaea evolves	Tail-less,	Trager
	East-central Asia	Tibetan Plateau emerges	Monsoons/C4 Plants/Savannas	Habitat generalizes
40 million BP	Africa/Asia	Anthrapoids evolve	Handy, nails, monkeys	Trager
65 million BP	Global	Cataclysm (?)	Reptiles, many aquatic spp. extinct
70 million BP	Land	Primates evolve	Small, hiders, big brains
100 million BP	Land	Placental mammals	Advanced gestation, parental care
220 million BP	Land	Mammalia evolves	Fur, eggs, or incomplete gestation
300 million BP	Land	Reptilia evolve	self-sustaining eggs, scaly hides
370 million BP	Land	Amphibia invade Land	Bi-symmetric mobility dominates
450 million BP	Land	Plants flourish	Ecological resources for terrestrial colonization
550 million BP	Global Ocean	Chordates evolve	Oxygen excess environment dominates
600 million BP	Global Ocean	Multicellular Life	Aggregates=colonies
800 million BP	Global Ocean	Proto-Life begins	Amid Redox solutions
0.5-1 billion BP	Earth	2nd IceHouse	Multicelled fossils appear
ca 2 billion BP	Earth	AtmosphericOxygen buildup begins	Multi-celled invertebrates evolve
2.2 billion BP	Earth	Iron precipitation, from oxidation
2.5-3 billion BP	Earth	1st Ice House-major surface cooling	Blue-green algae/Oxygen production
3.0-.8 billion BP	Earth	Oldest Prokaryote bacteria
4 billion BP	Earth	Oldest Crustal Rocks	Stable substrate formation
4.4 billion BP	Earth	Ocean Forms	Water based planet
4.5-4.6 billion BP	Solar System	Earth Forms	Now that you find yourself at the Beginning end of my Chronology, Go To These Two Sites for More Details = A & B...	Have Fun, and LEARN!