Historical Fishing Events/Development
Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Ocean since 1864,
Up through the 21st Century
(Fisheries Science Took Root, and the World's Oceans Were Fully Colonized)
Be Patient, the Timeline is Loading, and large (~200k) File:
| Date | Location | Event | Societal/Ecological Consequence | References |
| To 21st Century | To Earlier History | History of Observation Systems Diving Gear and Exploration FAO Fisheries Publications: |
Statement _ Garret Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons" | |
| Search | Fisheries Information Service Headliners |
– FISHBASE – Information Online ECOPATH/ECOSIM Information/Software |
PacificSharkResearchCenter Click on Life History Table to Access the Most Realistic What We Do/Don't Know InfoBase |
LandedValues @ 42 Japanese Ports |
| 1864 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño | First salmon cannery open on Columbia River | Quinn/Trager #2 |
| 1864 | California | First salmon cannery opens Sacramento River, Washington in Yolo Co. | Hapgood, Hume and Co. pack 2000 cases.1/2 spoil | Trager #2 |
| 1864-1997 | Norway | G. O. Sars, son of Michael Sars, begins Norways first Sea Ranching efforts in 1865. In1884 a marine hatchery was set up in Flødevigen by Capt Gundar Dannevig, and in 1908 another in Trondheim, releasing 'seeds' of cod, plaice and lobster. The PUSH programme was a recent extension of Sars' original concepts. |
Repeated, updated studies of periodicities of both herring and cod fisheries indicate solar forcing is involved in the ocean changes that these ocean ecosystems respond to. Lunar Tidal Forcing on 18.6 year and several century time scales are also indicated, i.e., O.Pettersson 1914, - see also Wyatt link - to right |
wrote up a delightful historical perspective of these historical and more recent efforts. |
| 1865-66 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño | Ý | Quinn |
| 1866 | Pacific coast | More Salmon canneries open on Columbia River | San Francisco salmon cannery opens | Trager |
| 1867-69 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño | Ý | Quinn |
| 1867 | Sitka, Alaska | "Seward's Folly" purchase of Alaska from Russia | 2 cents/acre - from Failing Russian Business/Natives? | McDougall |
| 1870s-1880s | Sweden | Reports by Axel Ljungman on the changing fortunes of the herring fisheries along Sweden's west coast listed the various posed causes, including solar cycles - after Schwabe. | Sweden's herring fisheries were callled 'periodical' because they only lasted from 20 to 80 years, with intervals of 60 to 100 (average 70 years) when North Sea herring did not enter the Kattegat, or visit Sweden's coast. |
Tim Wyatt "Long-Term trends in Norwegian cod fisheries - the pioneers" |
| 1871-1879 | GLOUCESTER | 82 Cod Schooners/ Crews lost in Gales | From 1830-1900 ~3,800 fishermen died from this one port, >2X total US casualties in War of 1812 | Kurlansky |
| 1871 | USA | The United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, formed on February 9th is the first federal agency concerned with natural resources issues | 1st U.S. Fish Commissioner, Spencer F. Baird, selects Woods Hole as site of the nation's first fisheries laboratory | US Fisheries Historical Timeline |
| 1871 | USA | The United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, engages fish culturist seth Green to transport newly hatched Hudson River shad from Rochester, NY, across the continent to Tehama, Calif., where they are released into the Sacramento River. | Nearly 2/3 of the fry survive the 7 day trip, and witthin 9 years will be spawning in Oregon's Umpoua and Coos Rivers - starting a new industry. They are eventually caught, processed, sold, and often sent back to the East Coast, as the shad there decline due to industrialization and related pollution, etc. | Trager |
| 1871 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño | Ý | Quinn |
| 1871 | North America | Halifax Fisheries Commission created | Awards Britain $4.5 million for US fishing rights | Trager |
| 1871 | Arctic | Early Winter | Whaling Fleet lost/crews saved | Trager |
| 1871 | USA | US Fisheries Commission created | President Grant names Spencer Baird - Director | Trager |
| 1872 | Plymouth, U.K. | HMS Challenger Expedition | Age of Scientific Exploration of Seas Begins |
Challenger Logs |
| 1872-73 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | Caviedes |
| 1873-74 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño | No. India/China/ Drought/GreatFamine/ 5 million die | Quinn/Trager |
| 1874 | Russia/Siberia | Russia ended "Official Colonization" of Siberia/Pacific | Russian-America Co. lost interest/Alaskan fur bearers decimated | McDougall |
| 1875-76 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | Caviedes |
| 1876 | USA | U.S. Fish Commission founded by an Act of Congress in 1876 - motivated by the eminent collapse of the New England Cod stocks. | So what has changed? The North Atlantic Cod Stocks Bloomed and went away twice in the intervening 100 or so years. - "A frustrating aspect of US Fisheries Management is that these facts are ignored." | US History/WE Evans |
| 1876-78 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño | Greatest recorded famine kills 10s of million Chinese | Quinn/Trager #2 |
| 1877 | Vancouver. BC | First commercial herring fished in region | 75 tons, soon raised to 500 tons | Trager |
| 1878 | Pacific wide | ENSO warm event | Substantial records of climate anomalies | SOI |
| 1878 | Asia | Lingering drought/worst famine | 10 million Chinese/maybe twice as many die | Trager |
| 1878 | Alaska | 1st salmon cannery/Asian/Indian labor | Initiates major industry growth/major social changes | McD/Mitchell |
| 1878 | Swedish coast | Bohuslan herring bloom | Begin 19 year abundance period | Lindquist |
| 1878 | North Atlantic | Cod Fisheries Collapse | Periodic Collapse/Social Disaster | |
| 1879 | Atlantic/NEAsia | Nordenkiold/Vega/NE Passage | Sailing derided/Siberian Railroad justified/Witte | McDougall |
| 1879 | Wisconsin lakes | US Fish Commission plants carp | Resilient carp provide food resource | Trager |
| 1880-81 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño | European crops fail, Indian crops eaten by rats | Quinn |
| 1880 | Juneau/Harris SE Alaska | Discover GOLD in Alaska "Panhandle" | Soon gone. Everyone moves on to Yukon | McDougall |
| 1880 | Alaska | Tlinkits act as Outfitters/Porters | Moving "miners" from Juneau to Klondike Boundary -Tlinkits made more $/day than fishing | Mitchell |
| 1883 | Washington State | RailRoad reaches Puget Sound | A decade after North Pacific's Jaye Cooke bankrupted trying | McDougall |
| 1883 |
New Jersey, Maryland |
North American lobster catch reaches an all time high of 130 million lbs, but oil refineries started fouling the coastal ocean - and they begin to declines, soon to be followed by declines off Maine and Massachusetts |
Maryland oyster catches catch reaches nearly 15 million bushels.
910,000 shad fry freom the East Coast are planted in the Columbia River... where only the roe is popular |
Trager |
| 1883 | Cambridge, UK | "I believe, then, that the cod fishery, the herring fishery, the pilchard fishery, the mackerel fishery, and probably all the great sea fisheries, are inexhaustible; that is to say, that nothing we do seriously affects the number of the fish. And any attempt to regulate these fisheries seems consequently, from the nature of the case, to be useless." |
Meanwhile, modern NGO spokespersons point out - and like lemmings chase one another over the brink repeating - only this small part of his original, quite thoughtfull statement - as they clearly have never read the whole thing... Of course Huxley had earlier qualified this statement bys setting up his context a few sentences before: "...in relation to our present modes of fishing..." Steam trawlers were introduced in the 1890s... and Changed the Game |
Read for yourself: TH Huxley's Inaugural Speech - Clark University The alternative perspective was provided in a statement by Edwin Ray Lankester: "It is a mistake to suppose that the place of fish removed on a particular fishing ground is immediately taken by some grand total of fish, which are so numerous in comparison with man's depredations as to make his operations in this respect insignificant," said Lankester. "If man removes a large proportion of these fish from the areas which they inhabit, the natural balance is upset." |
| 1884-85 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño | Worst Flood in Kansas History/>100 die | Quinn/Trager |
| 1884 | US Pacific Coast | Soft shelled clam introduced | Steamer clams provide for another industry | Trager |
| 1885 | Eastern Seaboard | Lobster landings peak at 130 million lbs | New Jersey shores fouled by oil refineries | Trager |
| 1886-87 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | Caviedes |
| 1887 | Newfoundland | Norwegian Envoys Jens Dahl, Inspector of Salt Water Fisheries, and Adolph Nielsen Assistant Inspector of Fisheries from Sandefjord, visited newly formed Newfoundland Fisheries Commission, to discuss methods to combat declining fisheries landings. | Discussed cod artificial propagation techniques developed by GO Sars from 1864, adopted by Captain Gunder Dannevig, founder of the Flødevigen hatchery at Arendal, Norway, in 1882, which produced its first cod yolk sac fry two years later.The Dildo Island cod hatchery was built in 1889, and despite sucesses, the facility was not funded in 1897. |
M. BAKER, A.B. DICKINSON AND C.W. SANGER (c)1992 Originally published in the Newfoundland Quarterly, vol. LXXXVII, no. 2 (Spring 1992), 25-32, 35 |
| 1888 | Pacific wide | ENSO warm event | Substantial records of climate anomalies | SOI/Quinn |
| 1889 | Eastern Tropical Pacific USA | ENSO cool event Remarkably mild winter | Ice shortages stimulate development of lce Plants across Nation | SOI/Trager #2 |
| 1889 | Maine | Lobster catch peaks | 24 million pounds | Trager |
| 1889 | Eastern USA | Hudson shad fishery peaks | Fishery begins a long-term decline | Trager |
| 1890 | Alaska | Now has 38 salmon canneries | Italian/Scandanavian fish/Chinese cut/pack fish | Trager |
| 1890 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | Caviedes |
| 1891 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO warm event | Wet Period Coatal Peru | Caviedes |
| 1893 | Eastern Tropical Pacific/USA | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | SOI |
| 1895 | USA | Massachusetts/211.5 lb cod caught | Columbia River salmon peak pack/634,000 cases | Trager |
| 1896-97 | Pacific wide | ENSO warm event | Indian wheat crop fails, famine results | SOI/Trager #2/Caviedes |
| 1897 | Northeastern USA | New Jersey/NewYork/ 1.2 million lbs Sturgeon | Hudson River "Albany Beef" reduced by pollution | Trager |
| 1898 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | Caviedes |
| 1899-1900 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño | 1st Colombia River salmon pack under BumbleBee label | Quinn/Trager #2 |
| 1899 | Northwestern US | Columbia River Packers Association forms | CRPA acquires ships/ for transport of building/canning material to Alaska | Trager |
| 1900 | World | Population=1.6 billion | Tanton | |
| 1900 | British Isles | westerly circulation increases | Ocean production trend increases | Lamb |
| 1900 | Washington state | Fred.Weyerhauser purchases RR land | NW Forestry Industry begins in earnest | McDougall |
| 1902 | Copenhagen | International Council for the Exploration of the Sea | Created to stimulate cooperation in marine and fisheries science | ICES |
| 1901-02 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño | China/Cold wet Period | Quinn/Trager |
| 1903 | San Pedro, CA | White albacore tuna first put into cans | Canned tuna becomes a staple in American diet | Trager |
| 1903-04 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Coastal Peru Dry/cold | Caviedes |
| 1904-05 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño | Albacore tuna packed in San Pedro California | SOI/Quinn/Trager #2 |
| 1905 | Korea Peninsula | Japanese Remove Russia from Region | End Russian "colonization" of Manchuria/Korea | McDougall |
| 1906 | Swedish coast | Bohuslan herring fails | End of 19 year abundance period | Lindquist |
| 1907 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño | See below | Quinn |
| 1907 | Eastern Pacific Southern California | First tuna packed by Halfhill in San Pedro | Seasonal tropical tunas' migrations extended northward, and abundant albacore | Trager #2 |
| 1908 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Coastal Peru Dry/cold | Caviedes |
| 1910-11 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | SOI/Caviedes |
| 1911-12 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño |
Yangtze river Floods/100,000 die Russia/China Drought/famine/millions affected |
SOI/Quinn/Nash/Trager |
| 1911 | Columbia River | Salmon catch peaks at 49 million lbs | This is never to be seen again | Trager |
| 1912 | Alaska | Libby, McNeill, Libby buy 14 canneries | Libby label on salmon after 1959 sale/fleet/canneries | Trager |
| 1913-14 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Europe in Drought | SOI/Trager#2 |
| 1914 | Norway | Johann Hjorth writes up early life history survival hypothesis | After years of debate with GO Sars, Hjorth adopts the concept that understanding cod and other fishes survival at younger stages is critical. | Climate/Fisheries References |
| 1914 | Sweden | Otto Pettersson, oceanographer links Climate, Lunar Tides and Solar System dynamics to fisheries and human history | His 1914 Monograph is adequate reason to defend observations that 900AD to1100AD open Arctic ocean allowed navigation that is unlikely today, hence the epoch was generally warmer than today's climate. | See Ed Sander's website Climate/Fisheries References |
| 1914 | Europe | World War I begins | Local agriculture declines - famines follow/ coastal US fishing-canning industries flourish | Trager |
| 1914-15 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño | Van Camp Fish cannery begins developing California albacore fleet /converts American diet | Quinn/Trager #2 |
| 1916 | Florida | Gulf Coast "Red Tide" bloom | Kills millions of fish/ Gymnodinium breve toxin | Trager |
| 1916 | California | California Packing Incorporated | $16 million underwrite/Wall Street/Del Monte/Calpak | Trager |
| 1917 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | Sharp/McLain/Caviedes |
| 1917 | San Pedro, CA | French Sardine cannery opens | Bogdanovich pioneers iceboats/Starkist Seafood | Trager |
| 1917 | Russia | Baranov defines the basis of fisheries population biology in mathematical terms for the 1st time | Mathematics are introduced into descriptions of fisheries populations | Baranov, F.I. 1918. On the question of the biological basis of fisheries. Izv. Nauchno.-Issled.Iktiol. Inst. 1:81-128. (in Russian). |
| 1918-20 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño | Albacore in Point Loma kelp beds sparks San Diego Tuna fishery | SOI/Quinn/Rose family records |
| 1918 | Eastern US | Lobster catch hits low | 33 million lbs/down from high 130 million lbs/1985 | Trager |
| 1918 | Iceland | Harbor seal dieoff | Extreme cold/pnuemonia | Bardson |
| 1919 | Pacific wide | ENSO warm event | Substantial records of climate anomalies | SOI |
| 1922 | San Pedro | Deflation/Wartime market collapses | Fish canning mergers/Van Camp Sea Food/White Star | Trager |
| 1923 | Seattle | International Pacific Halibut Commission | Created to stimulate cooperation in halibut fishery management | IPHC |
| 1923 | Japan | First full descriptions of the comparative anatomy and biology of scombroid fishes | This early study by Kishinouye begins the search for explanations for the many morphological distinctions amongst the tunas and mackerels - still ongoing | Kishinyoue, K. 1923. Contributions to the comparative study of the so-called scombroid fishes. J. Coll. Agric. Tokyo Imp. Univ. 8:293-475 |
| 1923 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño | Greenland warming trend - 5C warmer1923-32 vs 1883-92 | Quinn |
| 1924 | So. California | Sardines up/albacore down | - Van Camp's declares Bankruptcy/Receivership | Trager |
| 1924 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | Sharp/McLain/Caviedes |
| 1924 | San Pedro | Van Camp closes down | Sardine run sparks Van Camp recovery | Trager |
| 1925-1934 | North Atlantic | General warming trend begins | West Greenland Sea fisheries emerged | EllettBlindheim |
| 1925-26 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño | Albacore fishery response - see Below | SOI/Quinn/Trager #2/Caviedes |
| 1925 | So. California | San Diego/San Pedro tuna pack peaks | 95,000/358,940 cases each, mostly albacore | Trager |
| 1925 | British Isles | Westerly circulation peaks | Ocean production/fishery increases | Lamb |
| 1926 | So. California | Albacore disappear from offshore | Industry shifts to tropical tuna yellowfin "Chicken of the Sea" "Doesn't turn red in the can" - 65,823 cases packed/ "Fancy" yellowfin tuna promoted to replace both white albacore and salmon on nation's pantry shelves | Trager #2 |
| 1927 | World | Population=2 billion | Population Clock | |
| 1927 | Japan | Professor Uda, describes the consequences of wind speed and direction on daily fishing sucesses | The world of fisheries science opens another door, through formalization of environmental monitoring in order to explain local daily fisheries performance | Uda, M. 1927. Relation between the daily catch statistical studies in the influence of cyclone upon the fishing. J. Imper. Fish. Inst. 23(3):80-88. |
| 1927 | California Coast | Sardines Bloom | Frank Van Camp borrows money to restart canning line, for sardines/ Pays back loans/debts within year | Trager |
| 1927-28 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | SOI/Caviedes |
| 1929-31 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño | Long Drought Begins in Great Plains/Global Warming Peaks | SOI/Quinn/COADS |
| 1930 | Alaska | Last Square Rigger run to canneries | Summer labor and supplies shipped via steamers | Trager |
| 1932 | ENSO Warm Event/Florida | Records/Proxies of El Niño | Worst Red Tide since 1916 off Florida causes massive fish kills | Quinn / Trager #2 |
| 1933 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Coastal Peru Dry/cold | Caviedes |
| 1934-35 | Western USA | Dust storms/drought cripple farmers | Chicken more expensive than beef/farms decline | Trager |
| 1935 | UK - North Sea | Graham defines the theory of what happens when a fishery population is exploited | Modern Fisheries exploitation science is born, as a means of explaining consequences of fishing effort on natural populations | Graham, G.M. 1935. Modern theory of exploiting a fishery and its implication to North Sea trawling. J Cons. 10:264-274. |
| 1935 | Monterey, CA | Sardine landings peak | Cental/Southern California sardine catch 760,000 tons | CF&G |
| 1937 | NW USA | Bonneville dam opened | Salmon runs impeded by Power Dams | Trager |
| 1937-38 | USA | Major flooding in SE USA | Congress - Flood Control Act/public work/rivers/harbors | Trager |
| 1937-39 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content/ US Congress Passes Flood Control Act |
GDS/Caviedes |
| 1938 | Columbia River | Fish ladders implemented | Salmon runs lost to electrical power generation | Trager |
| 1938 | Oregon | Albacore are discovered off coast | Salmon fishermen turn to tuna/Bumble Bee/Astoria | Trager |
| 1939-41 |
Europe/Pacific |
World War II begins |
Spreads to Asian Pacific |
News |
| 1939 | New York, NY | Fulton Fish Market opens | Fishmongers handled 250 million lbs first year | Trager |
| 1939 | UK - North Sea | Graham introduces the asymptotic curve estimation phenomenon into modeling fisheries | The modeled consequences of fishing at both high and low fish population densities with varying effort is described | Graham, G.M. 1939. The sigmoid curve and the overfishing problem. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 110(2):15-20. |
| 1939-1941 | Pacific wide | Major ENSO warm event | Substantial records of climate anomalies | Quinn |
| 1940 | British Isles | westerly circulation declines | Ocean production decreases | Lamb |
| 1941 | Pearl Harbor | Japanese attack/WWII in Pacific | Unites Pacific State against Japanese expansion | McDougall |
| 1941 | Monterey, CA | Sardine catches decline, collapse | Wartime market increase demand/fleet capacity huge | Sharp |
| 1943-44 | ENSO Warm Event |
Records/Proxies of El Niño |
Drought/Famine/China/ Millions Starve | Quinn/Nash |
| 1945 | Alaska | Wakefield Deep Sea Trawlers/king crab | Develop freezing/processing to handle quantities of crab | Trager |
| 1945 | North Pacific | CRPA executive visits Japan | Japan contracted/deliver albacore to US packers | Trager |
| 1945 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Coastal Peru Dry/cold | Caviedes |
| 1945 | World War II ends | Rebuilding begins | UNDP and other AID agencies emerge | Trager |
| 1946 | West Coast Florida | Worst Red Tide bloom ever | Stimulates Fisheries Service to investigate Gymnodinium breves | Trager |
| 1946 | Philadelphia | Mrs. Paul's Kitchen frozen seafood | Frozen Deviled Crabs meet consumer needs | Trager |
| 1947 | Canada | Fred Fry's work initializes a series of lab studies that compare arrays of fish and other aquatic species. | The birth of ecologically transferable laboratory studies, Physiological Ecology and Limnology are converged. | Fry, F.E.J. 1947. Effects of environment on animal activity. Pub. Ontario Fish. Res. Lab. No.68 U. Toronto Studies, Biol. Ser. 55:1-52. |
| 1947 | Harvard | Information on age-specific mortality used to lay out mortality expectations by age groups of populations | No longer accepted that Mortality is Constant in population models | Deevey, E.S. 1947. Life tables for natural populations of animals. Quart. Rev. Biol. 22:283-314. |
| 1947-51 | Korea | US refuses troop removal from Korea | Anti-Communist Truman Doctrine/Japan rebuilt | McDougall |
| 1948 | Maine | Restocking effort for Maine rivers | Atlantic Sea Run Commission remove dams | Trager |
| 1949 | NW Atlantic | International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries | Atlantic Commission formed to address management | ICNAF |
| 1950 | World | Population=2.4 billion | Tanton | |
| 1950 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Coastal Peru Dry/cold | Caviedes |
| 1950 | North Atlantic | Total Landings regain prewar levels | European fisheries"recovery" stimulates management | Beverton/Holt |
| 1950 | Eastern Pacific Ocean | Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission created by convention | USA & Costa Rica 1st signatures | IATTC |
| 1950 | Peru | Guano/anchoveta fishing debate | Guano industry transition/anchoveta boom | Trager/Glantz |
| Early 1950s | Monterey, CA | Canneries dismantled and moved or sold to Peru | Fishing declines, focuses on salmon/squid/rockfish | Local history |
| 1950 | So. California | Some vessels/canneries from Monterey relocate | Fisheries for anchovy/mackerel/ seasonal tuna developed | CF&G |
| 1951-52 | ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño |
Asian Monsoon fails/drought/ Australia drought begins/livestock die Famine/Kansas-Missouri floods/200,000 homeless |
Quinn/Trager/Nash |
| 1952 | Chile/Peru/Ecuador | Declaration of Santiago | Extends jurisdiction to 200 miles vs US 12 mi/3 mi others | Trager |
| 1953 | Minor ENSO Warm Event | Records/Proxies of El Niño | Ý | Quinn |
| 1955 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | Sharp/McLain/Caviedes |
| 1955 | Gloucester | Gorton's new freezer facility opens | 200 year old firm produces frozen fish products | Trager |
| 1955 | Antarctica | Crabeater seal dieoff | Huge population/mild climate/virus | Laws&Taylor |
| 1957-58 | Pacific wide | ENSO warm event | Substantial records of climate anomalies | Quinn |
| 1958 | Iceland | Extends fishing limits to 12 miles | Starts conflicts with British fishing fleet | Trager |
| 1958 | Global | Blue whale kill 6,908 | beginning end of whaling activities | |
| 1960 | US Coastal | Large Soviet fleet moves into coast | Herring/haddock fisheries decimated by foreign fleets | Trager |
| 1960 | Global | Fish cath reaches 40 million tons | This is twice the catch of 1950 | Trager |
| 1960 | Mississippi | Pollution kills millions of fish | Low oxygen levels due to eutrophication | Trager |
| 1961 | World | Population=3 billion | Population Clock | |
| 1960-61 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | Sharp/McLain/Caviedes |
| 1961 | Iceland | Settle fishing dispute with Britain | Fishing rights over North Atlantic/Cod Wars continue | Trager |
| 1964 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | Sharp/McLain/Caviedes |
| 1965-66 | Pacific wide | ENSO warm event | Substantial records of climate anomalies | Quinn |
| 1965-66 | West Africa | Trade winds decline/NAO shifts | Coastal fishing declines /Sahel rainfall declines | Freon/Wm Gray |
| 1965 | North Sea | Peak herring catch | Catch begins precipitous decline/overfished too | Glantz |
| 1965-67 | Gulf of Alaska | Halibut biomass lowest | Recruitment f(wind speed/dir/surf currents) | Parker |
| 1965 | USA | Washington enacts 5y/$25 million Restocking Program | Anadromous fish conservation effort | Trager |
| 1965 | Arkansas | Catfish farming takes off | Farmers raise fish to supplement field crop incomes | Trager |
| 1966 | USA | Endangered Species Protection Act | Precedent setting legislation/global protection | Congress |
| 1966 -69 | USA | Stratton Commission RoundtableDiscussions Begin - Resulting in the Report "Our Nation and The Sea - the final report of the Commission on Marine Science, Engineering, and Resources, |
The Stratton Commission was able to argue persuasively in 1969 that it spoke at a "time for decision." |
Congress |
| 1966 | Alaska | King crab fishery peaks | Central fishing area begins decline | Trager |
| 1966 | Global | Food crisis | Production drops /Africa/Lat.America/FarEast | Trager |
| 1967-68 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | Sharp/McLain/Caviedes |
| 1967 | USA | Fishermen's Protective Act passed | Reimburses fishermen's fines/losses due to seizures | Congress |
| 1968-69 | Pacific wide | ENSO warm event | Eastern Pacific warming trend begins | Sharp/McLain |
| 1968 | USA | 58% of US fish imported | US Dept Interior/15 million fish killed/pollution | Trager |
| 1969 | Wisconsin | Lake/Stream DDT concentration 20ppm | Fish measured to contain <1 ppm DDT - controversy | Trager |
| 1969 | Atlantic Ocean - Mediterranean | International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas | Member nations commit support/Data | ICCAT |
| 1969 | North Atlantic & North Sea | David Cushing formulates the 'Match - Mismatch' Theory of early life history success for sea fishes that links spawning and spring bloom timing. | Implicit
in this Theory is that variability in timing of plankton production
leads to variability in larval mortality and hence possibly year class
strength. If year class strength is measured as abundanceof adult fish,
it will of course be a function of the sum of the mortalities
experienced during the different pre–recruit periods. The literature here is somewhat conflicting. |
Hans Chr. Eilertsen, The
Cushing Match-Mismatch hypothesis: can |
| 1970 | Egypt | Aswan Dam completed | Seasonal flood cycle stops/ coastal sardines all but disappear | Trager |
| 1970-71 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | Sharp/McLain |
| 1970 | West Greenland | Cod catches begin rising | Fishery recruitment declines after 20 yrs | Sharp/McLain |
| 1971 | Peru | Anchoveta fish catch peaks | Anchoveta fleet/over-capitalization | Prager |
| 1972-73 | Pacific wide | ENSO warm event | Substantial records of climate anomalies | Sharp/McLain |
| 1972 | Peru | Anchoveta fishery "collapses" after decline in recruitment/overfishing since 1968 / Many Blame El Niño | Remaining resource crowded into small area by El Niño/CPUE stable/then zero | Csirke |
| 1972 | USA | Marine Mammal Protection Act | Precedence setting legislation/global protection | Congress |
| 1972-76 | Chile/Peru | Coastal upwelling dependent /Predator species vanish | Giant squid, sierra, other species disappear | Sharp/McLain |
| 1973 | USA | Endangered Species Act | Precedence setting legislation/global protection | Congress |
| 1973 | Baja California | Peruvian fleet sold/Ensenada | Emergent Mexican wetfish fishery invests | Sharp/McLain |
| 1974-75 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | Sharp/McLain/Caviedes |
| 1975 | World | Population=4 billion | Population Clock | |
| 1975 | EastPacific | Climate/ocean forces US tuna Fleet move | Yellowfin/Bigeye tuna plentiful SW of CYRA | Sharp/IATTC |
| 1975 | Gulf of California | Sardines bloom | Mexican fishery emerges | Sharp/McLain |
| 1974-75 | Chile/Peru | Sardine onshore, colonize N&S | Production center moves to No. Chile from Pisco coast | Sharp/McLain |
| 1975 | North Atlantic | Sea Surface temperature minimum | 22 year trend reverses |
Southward, A.J. 1974a. Changes in the plankton community in the western English Channel. Nature, 259:5433. _____________1974b. Long term changes in abundance of eggs in the Cornish pilchard (Sardina pilchardus Walbaum) off Plymouth. J. Mar. Biol. Assn. UK NS 47:81-95. Sharp/McLain |
| 1976-77 | Pacific wide | ENSO warm event | Substantial records of climate anomalies | Sharp/McLain |
| 1976 | Northeast Pacific | Atmospheric patterns shift | Many climate/ecosystem shifts in response | Ebbesmeyer& |
| 1976 | USA | 200 Mile exclusive fishing rights declared | Magnuson Fisheries Conservation Management Act | Trager |
| 1976 | La Jolla - USA | John Isaacs, Professor of Geology at Scripps Inst. of Oceanography delivers a diatribe about the assumptions employed by fisheries science at CalCOFI meeting | Isaacs peels back the thin veil of many of the basic assumptions employed in fisheries to point out that equilibrium in Nature is unlikely, and that linear equations make no sense in such a world... fish populations vary - with or without fisheries |
Isaacs, J.D. 1976. Some ideas and frustrations about fishery science. CalCOFI Rep. XVIII:34-43. Soutar, A. and J.D. Isaacs. 1974. Abundance of pelagic fish during the 19th and 20th centuries as recorded in anaerobic sediments of the Californias. Fish. Bull., US, 72:257-273. |
| 1976 | Iceland | 200 Mile exclusive fishing rights declared | Diplomatic relations with England broken off, over cod | Trager |
| 1976 | Northwest Pacific | Sardines recolonize Sea of Japan/Pacific Ocean | Emergent cheap protein resource=>Seriola culture | Kondo |
| 1976 | Peru/Chile | Sardine recolonize coast/northern Chile to central Chile | Sardine fisheries from Tumuco to Talcahuano seeded | Sharp/McLain |
| 1976 | SW Pacific | US Purse seiners enter New Zealand EEZ | SW Pacific subtropical transition:skipjack/yellowfin | Sharp/MAFF/NZ |
| 1977 | Pacific basin | Low SOI/ little evidence of El Niño/Regime Shift | Patterns of species distributions/abundances shift in response to warming | COADS/Ebbesmeyer |
| 1977 | US/Soviet | 200 Mile EEZ agreed | Agreement matches the Declaration of Santiago - 1952 | Trager |
| 1978 | Alaska | Walrus dieoff | Large population/no known disease | Fay&Kelly |
| 1979 | California | Sardines reappear/40 year absence | Sardine emerges from refuge in Gulf of California | Sharp/Mclian |
| 1979 | North Sea | Herring catches at low | Populations return/recolonize old grounds | ICES |
| 1979-80 | New England | Harbor seal dieoff | Warm/large population/virus | Geraci et al. |
| 1980 | North Sea | Zoo./Phytoplankton mimimum | 35 year trend reverses/warming begins | Colebrook |
| 1980 | Western Alaska | King crab fishery peaks | Precipitous decline begins in 1981 | Glantz |
| 1980 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | IOC/SCOR hold workshop to define El Niño - IMARPE Lima, Peru | After several days of the meeting - chaired by Richard Barber, the 'definition' was defined as "a 2C SST rise off Callao, Peru" - | Barber, et al. Sharp 1981a |
| 1980 | Eastern Pacific
- Lima, Peru |
IOC - Workshop on Effects of Environmental Variation on the Survival of Larval Pelagic Fishes | International Convergence to describe and discuss the emergent knowledge re the relationships between survival and the many continuously varying environmental processes | Sharp 1981a/1981b |
| 1981 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | Sharp/McLain |
| 1982-1994 | Global Ocean | Red Tides/algal blooms | Trend/more frequent widespread occurences | Epstein |
| 1982-83 | Chile/Peru | Tropical species Outbursts | Tropical clams/scallops/ fishes bloom locally | Arntz/IFOP |
| 1983-86 | British Isles | Westerly circulation returns | Ocean production increases | Colebrook |
| 1982-83 | Pacific-wide/Global | Great El Niño floods/droughts | Apex of eastern Pacific warming since 1968 | Sharp/McLain |
| 1983 | San Jose, Costa Rica | Expert
Consultation to Examine the Changes in Abundance and Species
Composition of Neritic Fish Resources - World Bank/FAO - Stimulated the 1984 First World Conference on fisheries management - |
Report - summary in 102pp Proceedings - 1294pp |
Csirke, J.
and G.D. Sharp, eds. 1984 - Sharp, G.D. and J, Csirke, eds. 1984 |
| 1984-85 | Eastern Pacific | Tropical tuna catches peak | Due to shoaling of habitat after 25 yr warm trend | G.D. Sharp |
| 1984 | Global Oceans | UN FAO Holds the First World Conference on Improvement and Management of the Fisheries at FAO H.Q. | Major concentration of Expertise from around the Globe to present opinions on Solutions to the Ongoing Over-Investment in Fisheries Development | Gulland & Caddy, Sharp and Csirke, |
| 1983-84 | Pacific wide | Upper ocean heat loss | Reversal east Pacific heating trend / Eastern Tropical Tuna Catches rise "Sharply" after 25 year warm trend | SOI/G.D. Sharp |
| 1984 | Caribbean | Coral Bleaching/Disease recognized foloowing Cold Winter/Florida | Symptoms described 1st time/ Global trend? | J. Ogden et al./G.D. Sharp |
| 1984-85 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | G.D. Sharp/Caviedes |
| 1986 | Chile/Peru | Coastal upwelling pulses | Sardine begins decline /local anchoveta outbursts | G.D. Sharp |
| 1986-87 | Pacific wide | ENSO warm event | Substantial records of climate anomalies | G.D. Sharp |
| 1987 | North Sea/NE USA | Seals/ other marine mammal die off | Associated with warm event/toxins/diseases | Epstein |
| 1986 | Global Ocean Ecosystems | John Caddy and G. D. Sharp - collaboration: the 1st Handbook - An Ecological Framework for Marine Fishery Investigations | Subjects range from deepwater bottom fishes, coastal pelagics to high seas mobile predator species - and what is necessary to track, and manage these interactive resources | Caddy, J.F. and G.D. Sharp. 1986 |
| 1987 | Texas | Laguna Madre Shrimp Farm/400000 lbs | Shrimp trawlers depleting wild shrimp/turtles | NMFS |
| 1986-87 | North Carolina | Gymnodinium breve bloom | Toxic/irritation-causing coastal emergence | Tester |
| 1987-88 | Lake Baikal | Baikal seal dieoff | Virus | Dietz et al. |
| 1988-89 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Upper ocean low heat content | Sharp and McLain/Caviedes |
| 1988 | USA | First National/Regional Fisheries Ecosystem Management Plans Developed | Blueprint/PDP developed by NMFS under contract submitted to Congress - Regional Management Councils ignore Plans, Business as Usual | WE Evans,W Powell, directed: policy plan was drawn up and coordinated by GD Sharp, John Everrett, Churchill Grimes |
| 1988 | Kattegat-Skagerrak | Pinneped die off | Growing population/mild weather/virus | Dietz et al. |
| 1989 | World | Population=5 billion | Population Clock | |
| 1989 | Japan/Chile | Peak Sardine catches | Sardinops in collapse/anchoveta rising | G.D. Sharp |
| 1990 | North Sea | Herring begin bloom phase | Spawning strong Scotch /North Sea banks | G.D. Sharp |
| 1990 | Maine | Lobster catches peak | 28 million pounds/high since 1889 | Trager |
| 1990 | Gulf of Alaska | Halibut/salmon biomass up | Decadal trends reversing/rare vs abundance | G.D. Sharp |
| 1990 | Maine | 28 million lbs lobster trapped | Tops previous record of 24 million pounds in 1889 | Trager/NMFS |
| 1990 | Chile-westward | Jack mackerel blooms | Begin Coastal/westward expansion /Tasman Sea | Serra |
| 1990-94 | Western Pacific | Tropical tuna fishing flourishes | Local Shoaling due to Kelvin waves | G.D. Sharp |
| 1990-94 | Northwest Atlantic | Cod fails/herring bloom | Bottom temps Cold /SubsidizedOverCapacity /Lower trophic level species bloom | G.D. Sharp |
| 1991 | Eastern Canada | Moratorium on cod fishing | Over-built subsidized fleet decimated mismanaged cods/ DFO fiasco | Finlayson/Others |
| 1991-94 | Pacific wide | Several ENSO warm events | Substantial records of climate anomalies | G.D. Sharp |
| 1991-95 | Japan/Sea of Japan | Sardine dwindling/Herring on rise | Sardine western Coastal/herring begin westward expansion /Japan Sea | USSR/Japan Reports |
| 1991 | Chile/Peru | Coastal species reappear | Giant squid, sierra and sprat recolonize coast | Serra/G.D. Sharp |
| 1991 | So. California | Bluefin return to region | Sport fishery rekindled | G.D. Sharp |
| 1991 | Pacific-wide | Begin 4 yr ENSO warm event | Many warm ocean species appear | G.D. Sharp |
| 1991 | North Carolina | Pfeisteria piscida toxic blooms | Active/Delaware/Florida/Gulf of Mexico | Epstein |
| 1992 | NE USA Coast | Fleets restricted from groundfish/cod | Cod collapse reaches Georges Bank/nearshore | NMFS |
| 1992 | UN Conference on Environment and Development,Rio de Janiero | Agenda 21 & Other UNCED Agreements | Protection Of The Oceans, All Kinds Of Seas, Including Enclosed And Semi-enclosed Seas, And Coastal Areas And The Protection, Rational Use And Development Of Their Living Resources | UN |
| 1992 | Sydney, British Columbia | North Pacific Marine Science Organization | Created to stimulate cooperation in marine and fisheries science | PICES |
| 1992 | Pacific-wide | Cont. 4 yr ENSO warm event | Australia Drought | G.D. Sharp |
| 1992 | Central California | Warm coastal species colonize | Mackerel/baracuda/mammals appear | G.D. Sharp |
| 1992 | Global | SOI/LgthDay/Seismic relation | Atmospheric Moisture/angular moment/LOD/seismic events | Michael Chinnery EOS |
| 1992 | Global | Moratorium of Driftnet Fishing | Effort to Minimize wasteful ByCatch Dominated Fishery | UN General Assembly |
| 1993 | Pacific-wide | Cont. 4 yr ENSO warm event | Australia drought continues | G.D. Sharp |
| 1993 | Central California coast | Algal blooms/Domoic acid | Sea bird and mammal kills | Epstein |
| 1994 | Pacific-wide | 4 yr ENSO warm event cont's | Australia Drought continues/wild fires | G.D. Sharp |
| 1994 | Boston | Flotilla of fishermen protest rules | Protection of bottom fishes/Too little-Too late/Collapsed | Trager |
| 1994 | Ecuador coast | Strong Local Upwelling | Coldest coastal SST for decades | G.D. Sharp |
| 1994 | Baltic | Algal overgrowth | Warm temperature 73F stimulates blooms | Epstein |
| 1994 | Georges Bank/NE USA | Commercial Fishing Stopped |
Resources overexploited/improper Management |
G.D. Sharp |
| Early 1995 | Pacific Basin | ENSO Warm event | Kelvin wave/Peru January '95 | G.D. Sharp |
| 1995 | North Atlantic | Canada seizes Spanish trawler | Conservation enforcement measure beyond EEZ | Trager |
| Mid 1995 | Global Ocean | ENSO Cool Event begins | Typhoons/Hurricanes Plague Islands/coasts | Wm Gray |
| 1995 | Southern Australia | Coastal Upwelling/Algal blooms | Pelagic fish dieoffs/anoxia/alga densities |
News |
| 1995 | Kattegat/Skagerak | Mild Winter/Virus | Pinneped die-off |
News |
| 1995 | FAO/UN | Code of Conduct/Precautionary Principle | Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High SeasManagement Objectives /Monitoring Needs clarified | Caddy/Griffiths |
| 1995 | FAO/UN | KYOTO DECLARATION AND PLAN OF ACTION ON THE SUSTAINABLE CONTRIBUTION OF FISHERIES TO FOOD SECURITY | Agreement of 4 December 1995 for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly MigratoryFish Stocks | Multiple Authors |
| Late 1996-early 1997 | Global Ocean | ENSO Cool Event ends+ QBO +African Rainfall | Forecast Hurricanes Islands/Atlantic coasts | Wm Gray |
| October1996 | California offshore | Warming begins off No. America | Fisheries perturbed: rockfish submerge/ tropical- subtropicals shift northward/ Big Whales/Pinnipeds in Bays |
News |
| 1996 | USA | Reauthorization Magnuson-Stevens FMCA | Re-write long overdue/Burden of Proof revision | NMFS/Congress |
| 1997 | Western No.&So. America Coasts | Ocean Warming anomalies reach 3-4C | Fisheries perturbed as tropical- subtropicals are shifted poleward | |
| March 1997 | Western and Equatorial Pacific SOI dropped rapidly??? |
Kelvin Wave released (6 months early) extreme warming begins off So. America Peruvians/Chileans Negotiate anchoveta fishery Moratorium |
Fisheries perturbed as tropical- subtropicals are shifted /Chilean sardine catch >.75 M tonnes in one week/ Drought in Australia/Indonesia/ SE Asian monsoon delayed |
GD Sharp/ Remember this: 0.76 M Tons was California Peak Catch/Yr in 1936 |
| 1997 | FAO/UN | Kyoto - | Global Warming CO2 babble gets deep - decisions delayed | Ý |
| 1998 | Global | Fisheries Conservation interests | Promote Marine Preserves/Protected Areas | Ý |
| 1998 | Fisheries Minister ends Veda, sets Quota of 600K tons for anchoveta | Fleet searches for anchoveta schools in North Peru coastal region. Find nothing. Fishery Closed again for a few weeks. |
INEPESCA/GDS |
|
| 1998 |
India/Pakistan/ Eastern Central Pacific - It Ain't Over - Peru Threw a Party and Noone Came |
Floods, and Typhoons
Coastal Ocean Chaos, north still too warm, upwelling just restarting to south |
A series of floods, Typhoons and associated drownings and displacements of thousands. Peru's Minister of Fisheries lifted the "Veda' on anchoveta, and allocated 600,000 tons. The vessels cannot locate any schools of fish. Peru 5/11/98 - Eastern Central Pacific - It Ain't Over yet |
News/GDS/INEPESCA |
| 1998 | Arctic Ocean margins | High Temperatures (as last Summer) reach normal +5C | Marine mammals and fishery reources will continue to dwindle as their metabolisms and food supply are stressed | Ocean Maps |
| 1998 | Eastern Pacific | Coastal Upwelling | At last, by mid August there is general upwelling along western South America coastline, Chile to Peru, primary production up | Satellite/FNMOC OTIS model |
| 1998 | VNIRO Moscow | Leonid B. Klyashtorin Collates Earth Rotation Velocity Index with Pacific and Atlantic's Major Fisheries | Earth rotation rate (atmospheric moisture, etc.) is filtered to take out solar cycles, and is found to be coherent with 50-70 year patterns of fisheries population Blooms/Busts. | L.B. Klyashtorin, 1998. Fisheries Research, 37:115-125 |
| 1998 | Western Pacific | Philippine yellowfin tuna fishery declines, Japanese industry blocks imports of new smoked tuna products | Warm/Wet events associated with a spreading out of tropical tunas, draws Philippino fishermen into Indonesian EEZ, to be jailed, beaten, or captured by Pirates for ransom, etc. | Search google.com for key words: Tunatown, Mindanao, tuna |
| 1999 | World | Population=6 billion | Sept/Oct 1999 estimated | Population Clock |
| 1999 | Eastern Seaboard, USA | Several Laden Clam Dredge Boats sink in heavy weather | Three vessels in one week, five for this season cause reflection on policies and safety of small fishing vessels in ITQ fisheries. | News/ US Coast Guard |
| 1999 | USA | Debate of Revision of M-S FCMA | Reversal of Onus/Monitoring/Fees /Regionalization big items/Review Tools | NAS/NRC |
| 1999 | Eastern Tropical Pacific | ENSO cool event | Coastal Peru Dry/cold | Caviedes |
| 1999 | Hawaii | Longline Fishery under mandate to stop shark finning, no turtle bycatch allowed. | Major reversal of policies, and little debate from fleet, as some move to Baja California based fishing activities | Endreson/Hester |
| 1999 | Chile-Tasman Sea | Jack Mackerel Fishery In Collapse | Over-built subsidized fleet decimated unmanaged jack mackerel fishery | Serra/IFOP |
| 1999 | California-Vancouver | Sardine is declared "recovered" /Actually recovered in late 1980s over southern range, and eventually recolonized previous northern range - post bloom period. | Combination of "moratorium" and Cyclical Climate Processes | CF&G/Sharp |
| 1999 | North Pacific/Bering Sea | Major Upper Ocean Heat Loss/Alongshore upwelling | Ecological Prdouction up, Salmon grow fatter/ greater returns south of Washington State/ many run failures to North | FNMOC/Fishermen |
| August 1999 | Indian Ocean | UN Law of the Sea Tribunal Injunction against Japan, fishing for southern bluefin tuna in Indian Ocean, and Southern Pacific | Australia and New Zealand file request for injunction at International Tribunal: Japan's efforts to initiate "experimental fishing" on severely depleted southern bluefin tuna resource thwarted. (text of Injunction) | UN Oceans and Law of the Sea: Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea |
| 1999 | Baja to Central California | Pacific Bluefin juveniles converge on sardines for feast for 1st time off Monterey bay in over 25 years | Late Summer/Fall run up along California coast causes convergence of seiners and sport boats to take advantage of feeding schools of bluefin and albacore/Some seined fish are penned and transported to No. Baja site for growout | G.D. Sharp |
| 2000 | USA | Fisheries Ecosystem Management Plan to Congress, again | Reversal of Onus/Monitoring/ Regionalization and Habitat Issues | Fluharty Panel Report |
| 2000 | North Pacific/Bering Sea | Storms/PDO shift | Numerous losses of ships at sea | References |
| 2000 | Central Pacific | Protection of Sea Turtles implemented by US PMFMC | US Longline Fleet changing grounds again | NGOs |
| 2000 | North Pacific, Multi-PI Multi-species archival tagging effort | Census of Marine Life - Tagging of Pelagic Predators Program (TOPP) workshop implemented to bring together for the first time fish, mammal, and bird tagging expertise - led by Barb Block - to plan a massive effort to learn from individual species how they use the oceans. | Final Report available, and future workshops planned to address technology, appropriate species, and develop protocols for data delivery and quality control for entry into Global Ocean Data Sets. | PEW, Sloan and Packard Foundations |
| Date | Location | Event | Societal/Ecological Consequence | References |
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